CRISC: Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control

Initial and residual risk ratings allow the relative placement of projects by risk level to be compared on a risk map, including how their positions change after risk treatment.

Multi-factor authentication requires an additional verification factor beyond a username and password, preventing successful account access with stolen credential pairs alone. It directly mitigates credential-stuffing attacks.

Risk factors influence the frequency and/or business impact of IT risk scenarios. Considering both internal factors that the enterprise can influence and external factors outside its control provides the broadest and most relevant basis for developing scenarios.

IT controls should be designed using identified internal and external risks as the primary input, so that control objectives and activities directly mitigate relevant threats, vulnerabilities, and potential business impacts. Industry standards, self-assessments, and expert recommendations are useful supporting inputs but do not replace risk-based control selection.

Independent audit results are the strongest evidence because they provide an objective assessment of whether internal controls are appropriately designed and operating effectively.