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AWS Certified Security - Specialty
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Question 76
A company's Security Engineer has been tasked with restricting a contractor's IAM account access to the company's Amazon EC2 console without providing access to any other AWS services. The contractor's IAM account must not be able to gain access to any other AWS service, even if the IAM account is assigned additional permissions based on IAM group membership.
What should the Security Engineer do to meet these requirements?
- A: Create an Inline IAM user policy that allows for Amazon EC2 access for the contractor's IAM user.
- B: Create an IAM permissions boundary policy that allows Amazon EC2 access. Associate the contractor's IAM account with the IAM permissions boundary policy.
- C: Create an IAM group with an attached policy that allows for Amazon EC2 access. Associate the contractor's IAM account with the IAM group.
- D: Create an IAM role that allows for EC2 and explicitly denies all other services. Instruct the contractor to always assume this role.
Question 77
A company recently performed an annual security assessment of its AWS environment. The assessment showed the audit logs are not available beyond 90 days and that unauthorized changes to IAM policies are made without detection.
How should a Security Engineer resolve these issues?
- A: Create an Amazon S3 lifecycle policy that archives AWS CloudTrail trail logs to Amazon S3 Glacier after 90 days. Configure Amazon Inspector to provide a notification when a policy change is made to resources.
- B: Configure AWS Artifact to archive AWS CloudTrail logs. Configure AWS Trusted Advisor to provide a notification when a policy change is made to resources.
- C: Configure Amazon CloudWatch to export log groups to Amazon S3. Configure AWS CloudTrail to provide a notification when a policy change is made to resources.
- D: Create an AWS CloudTrail trail that stores audit logs in Amazon S3. Configure an AWS Config rule to provide a notification when a policy change is made to resources.
Question 78
A Security Engineer is asked to update an AWS CloudTrail log file prefix for an existing trail. When attempting to save the change in the CloudTrail console, the
Security Engineer receives the following error message: There is a problem with the bucket policy.
What will enable the Security Engineer to save the change?
- A: Create a new trail with the updated log file prefix, and then delete the original trail. Update the existing bucket policy in the Amazon S3 console with the new log file prefix, and then update the log file prefix in the CloudTrail console.
- B: Update the existing bucket policy in the Amazon S3 console to allow the Security Engineer's Principal to perform PutBucketPolicy, and then update the log file prefix in the CloudTrail console.
- C: Update the existing bucket policy in the Amazon S3 console with the new log file prefix, and then update the log file prefix in the CloudTrail console.
- D: Update the existing bucket policy in the Amazon S3 console to allow the Security Engineer's Principal to perform GetBucketPolicy, and then update the log file prefix in the CloudTrail console.
Question 79
An IAM user with fill EC2 permissions could bot start an Amazon EC2 instance after it was stopped for a maintenance task. Upon starting the instance, the instance state would change to Pending, but after a few seconds, it would switch back to Stopped.
An inspection revealed that the instance has attached Amazon EBS volumes that were encrypted by using a Customer Master Key (CMK). When these encrypted volumes were detached, the IAM user was able to start the EC2 instances.
The IAM user policy is as follows:
What additional items need to be added to the IAM user policy? (Choose two.)
- A: kms:GenerateDataKey
- B: kms:Decrypt
- C: kms:CreateGrant
- D: ג€Conditionג€: { ג€Boolג€: { ג€kms:ViaServiceג€: ג€ec2.us-west-2.amazonaws.comג€ } }
- E: ג€Conditionג€: { ג€Boolג€: { ג€kms:GrantIsForAWSResourceג€: true } }
Question 80
A company needs a forensic-logging solution for hundreds of applications running in Docker on Amazon EC2. The solution must perform real-time analytics on the logs, must support the replay of messages, and must persist the logs.
Which AWS services should be used to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)
- A: Amazon Athena
- B: Amazon Kinesis
- C: Amazon SQS
- D: Amazon Elasticsearch
- E: Amazon EMR
Question 81
A company's architecture requires that its three Amazon EC2 instances run behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The EC2 instances transmit sensitive data between each other. Developers use SSL certificates to encrypt the traffic between the public users and the ALB. However, the Developers are unsure of how to encrypt the data in transit between the ALB and the EC2 instances and the traffic between the EC2 instances.
Which combination of activities must the company implement to meet its encryption requirements? (Choose two.)
- A: Configure SSL/TLS on the EC2 instances and configure the ALB target group to use HTTPS.
- B: Ensure that all resources are in the same VPC so the default encryption provided by the VPC is used to encrypt the traffic between the EC2 instances.
- C: In the ALB, select the default encryption to encrypt the traffic between the ALB and the EC2 instances.
- D: In the code for the application, include a cryptography library and encrypt the data before sending it between the EC2 instances.
- E: Configure AWS Direct Connect to provide an encrypted tunnel between the EC2 instances.
Question 82
A Security Engineer has launched multiple Amazon EC2 instances from a private AMI using an AWS CloudFormation template. The Engineer notices instances terminating right after they are launched.
What could be causing these terminations?
- A: The IAM user launching those instances is missing ec2:RunInstances permissions
- B: The AMI used was encrypted and the IAM user does not have the required AWS KMS permissions
- C: The instance profile used with the EC2 instances is unable to query instance metadata
- D: AWS currently does not have sufficient capacity in the Region
Question 83
Authorized Administrators are unable to connect to an Amazon EC2 Linux bastion host using SSH over the Internet. The connection either fails to respond or generates the following error message:
Network error: Connection timed out.
What could be responsible for the connection failure? (Choose three.)
- A: The NAT gateway in the subnet where the EC2 instance is deployed has been misconfigured.
- B: The internet gateway of the VPC has been misconfigured.
- C: The security group denies outbound traffic on ephemeral ports.
- D: The route table is missing a route to the internet gateway.
- E: The NACL denies outbound traffic on ephemeral ports.
- F: The host-based firewall is denying SSH traffic.
Question 84
After multiple compromises of its Amazon EC2 instances, a company's Security Officer is mandating that memory dumps of compromised instances be captured for further analysis. A Security Engineer just received an EC2 abuse notification report from AWS stating that an EC2 instance running the most recent Windows
Server 2019 Base AMI is compromised.
How should the Security Engineer collect a memory dump of the EC2 instance for forensic analysis?
- A: Give consent to the AWS Security team to dump the memory core on the compromised instance and provide it to AWS Support for analysis.
- B: Review memory dump data that the AWS Systems Manager Agent sent to Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
- C: Download and run the EC2Rescue for Windows Server utility from AWS.
- D: Reboot the EC2 Windows Server, enter safe mode, and select memory dump.
Question 85
A company's Information Security team wants to analyze Amazon EC2 performance and utilization data in near-real time for anomalies. A Security Engineer is responsible for log aggregation. The Engineer must collect logs from all of the company's AWS accounts in a centralized location to perform the analysis.
How should the Security Engineer do this?
- A: Log in to each account four times a day and filter the AWS CloudTrail log data, then copy and paste the logs in to the Amazon S3 bucket in the destination account.
- B: Set up Amazon CloudWatch to stream data to an Amazon S3 bucket in each source account. Set up bucket replication for each source account into a centralized bucket owned by the Security Engineer.
- C: Set up an AWS Config aggregator to collect AWS configuration data from multiple sources.
- D: Set up Amazon CloudWatch cross-account log data sharing with subscriptions in each account. Send the logs to Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose in the Security Engineer's account.
Question 86
Two Amazon EC2 instances in different subnets should be able to connect to each other but cannot. It has been confirmed that other hosts in the same subnets are able to communicate successfully, and that security groups have valid ALLOW rules in place to permit this traffic.
Which of the following troubleshooting steps should be performed?
- A: Check inbound and outbound security groups, looking for DENY rules
- B: Check inbound and outbound Network ACL rules, looking for DENY rules
- C: Review the rejected packet reason codes in the VPC Flow Logs
- D: Use AWS X-Ray to trace the end-to-end application flow
Question 87
A Security Engineer creates an Amazon S3 bucket policy that denies access to all users. A few days later, the Security Engineer adds an additional statement to the bucket policy to allow read-only access to one other employee. Even after updating the policy, the employee still receives an access denied message.
What is the likely cause of this access denial?
- A: The ACL in the bucket needs to be updated
- B: The IAM policy does not allow the user to access the bucket
- C: It takes a few minutes for a bucket policy to take effect
- D: The allow permission is being overridden by the deny
Question 88
A company plans to use custom AMIs to launch Amazon EC2 instances across multiple AWS accounts in a single Region to perform security monitoring and analytics tasks. The EC2 instances are launched in EC2 Auto Scaling groups. To increase the security of the solution, a Security Engineer will manage the lifecycle of the custom AMIs in a centralized account and will encrypt them with a centrally managed AWS KMS CMK. The Security Engineer configured the KMS key policy to allow cross-account access. However, the EC2 instances are still not being properly launched by the EC2 Auto Scaling groups.
Which combination of configuration steps should the Security Engineer take to ensure the EC2 Auto Scaling groups have been granted the proper permissions to execute tasks?
- A: Create a customer-managed CMK in the centralized account. Allow other applicable accounts to use that key for cryptographical operations by applying proper cross-account permissions in the key policy. Create an IAM role in all applicable accounts and configure its access policy to allow the use of the centrally managed CMK for cryptographical operations. Configure EC2 Auto Scaling groups within each applicable account to use the created IAM role to launch EC2 instances.
- B: Create a customer-managed CMK in the centralized account. Allow other applicable accounts to use that key for cryptographical operations by applying proper cross-account permissions in the key policy. Create an IAM role in all applicable accounts and configure its access policy with permissions to create grants for the centrally managed CMK. Use this IAM role to create a grant for the centrally managed CMK with permissions to perform cryptographical operations and with the EC2 Auto Scaling service-linked role defined as the grantee principal.
- C: Create a customer-managed CMK or an AWS managed CMK in the centralized account. Allow other applicable accounts to use that key for cryptographical operations by applying proper cross-account permissions in the key policy. Use the CMK administrator to create a CMK grant that includes permissions to perform cryptographical operations that define EC2 Auto Scaling service-linked roles from all other accounts as the grantee principal.
- D: Create a customer-managed CMK or an AWS managed CMK in the centralized account. Allow other applicable accounts to use that key for cryptographical operations by applying proper cross-account permissions in the key policy. Modify the access policy for the EC2 Auto Scaling roles to perform cryptographical operations against the centrally managed CMK.
Question 89
An organization wants to log all AWS API calls made within all of its AWS accounts, and must have a central place to analyze these logs.
What steps should be taken to meet these requirements in the MOST secure manner? (Choose two.)
- A: Turn on AWS CloudTrail in each AWS account.
- B: Turn on CloudTrail in only the account that will be storing the logs.
- C: Update the bucket ACL of the bucket in the account that will be storing the logs so that other accounts can log to it.
- D: Create a service-based role for CloudTrail and associate it with CloudTrail in each account.
- E: Update the bucket policy of the bucket in the account that will be storing the logs so that other accounts can log to it.
Question 90
A Security Administrator has a website hosted in Amazon S3. The Administrator has been given the following requirements:
✑ Users may access the website by using an Amazon CloudFront distribution.
✑ Users may not access the website directly by using an Amazon S3 URL.
Which configurations will support these requirements? (Choose two.)
- A: Associate an origin access identity with the CloudFront distribution.
- B: Implement a ג€Principalג€: ג€cloudfront.amazonaws.comג€ condition in the S3 bucket policy.
- C: Modify the S3 bucket permissions so that only the origin access identity can access the bucket contents.
- D: Implement security groups so that the S3 bucket can be accessed only by using the intended CloudFront distribution.
- E: Configure the S3 bucket policy so that it is accessible only through VPC endpoints, and place the CloudFront distribution into the specified VPC.
Question 91
A company uses HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) to stream live video content to paying subscribers by using Amazon CloudFront. HLS splits the video content into chunks so that the user can request the right chunk based on different conditions. Because the video events last for several hours, the total video is made up of thousands of chunks.
The origin URL is not disclosed, and every user is forced to access the CloudFront URL. The company has a web application that authenticates the paying users against an internal repository and a CloudFront key pair that is already issued.
What is the simplest and MOST effective way to protect the content?
- A: Develop the application to use the CloudFront key pair to create signed URLs that users will use to access the content.
- B: Develop the application to use the CloudFront key pair to set the signed cookies that users will use to access the content.
- C: Develop the application to issue a security token that Lambda@Edge will receive to authenticate and authorize access to the content.
- D: Keep the CloudFront URL encrypted inside the application, and use AWS KMS to resolve the URL on-the-fly after the user is authenticated.
Question 92
A company's web application is hosted on Amazon EC2 instances running behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) in an Auto Scaling group. An AWS WAF web ACL is associated with the ALB. AWS CloudTrail is enabled, and stores logs in Amazon S3 and Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
The Operations team has observed some EC2 instances reboot at random. After rebooting, all access logs on the instances have been deleted. During an investigation, the Operations team found that each reboot happened just after a PHP error occurred on the new-user-creation.php file. The Operations team needs to view log information to determine if the company is being attacked.
Which set of actions will identify the suspect attacker's IP address for future occurrences?
- A: Configure VPC Flow Logs on the subnet where the ALB is located, and stream the data CloudWatch. Search for the new-user-creation.php occurrences in CloudWatch.
- B: Configure the CloudWatch agent on the ALB. Configure the agent to send application logs to CloudWatch. Update the instance role to allow CloudWatch Logs access. Export the logs to CloudWatch. Search for the new-user-creation.php occurrences in CloudWatch.
- C: Configure the ALB to export access logs to an Amazon Elasticsearch Service cluster, and use the service to search for the new-user-creation.php occurrences.
- D: Configure the web ACL to send logs to Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose, which delivers the logs to an S3 bucket. Use Amazon Athena to query the logs and find the new-user-creation.php occurrences.
Question 93
A company has hundreds of AWS accounts, and a centralized Amazon S3 bucket used to collect AWS CloudTrail logs for all of these accounts. A Security
Engineer wants to create a solution that will enable the company to run ad hoc queries against its CloudTrail logs dating back 3 years from when the trails were first enabled in the company's AWS account.
How should the company accomplish this with the least amount of administrative overhead?
- A: Run an Amazon EMR cluster that uses a MapReduce job to examine the CloudTrail trails.
- B: Use the events history feature of the CloudTrail console to query the CloudTrail trails.
- C: Write an AWS Lambda function to query the CloudTrail trails. Configure the Lambda function to be executed whenever a new file is created in the CloudTrail S3 bucket.
- D: Create an Amazon Athena table that looks at the S3 bucket the CloudTrail trails are being written to. Use Athena to run queries against the trails.
Question 94
A Security Engineer is troubleshooting a connectivity issue between a web server that is writing log files to the logging server in another VPC. The Engineer has confirmed that a peering relationship exists between the two VPCs. VPC flow logs show that requests sent from the web server are accepted by the logging server, but the web server never receives a reply.
Which of the following actions could fix this issue?
- A: Add an inbound rule to the security group associated with the logging server that allows requests from the web server.
- B: Add an outbound rule to the security group associated with the web server that allows requests to the logging server.
- C: Add a route to the route table associated with the subnet that hosts the logging server that targets the peering connection.
- D: Add a route to the route table associated with the subnet that hosts the web server that targets the peering connection.
Question 95
A Security Engineer accidentally deleted the imported key material in an AWS KMS CMK.
What should the Security Engineer do to restore the deleted key material?
- A: Create a new CMK. Download a new wrapping key and a new import token to import the original key material.
- B: Create a new CMK. Use the original wrapping key and import token to import the original key material.
- C: Download a new wrapping key and a new import token. Import the original key material into the existing CMK.
- D: Use the original wrapping key and import token. Import the original key material into the existing CMK.
Question 96
A company's Security Engineer is copying all application logs to centralized Amazon S3 buckets. Currently, each of the company's application is in its own AWS account, and logs are pushed into S3 buckets associated with each account. The Engineer will deploy an AWS Lambda function into each account that copies the relevant log files to the centralized S3 bucket.
The Security Engineer is unable to access the log files in the centralized S3 bucket. The Engineer's IAM user policy from the centralized account looks like this:
The centralized S3 bucket policy looks like this:
Why is the Security Engineer unable to access the log files?
- A: The S3 bucket policy does not explicitly allow the Security Engineer access to the objects in the bucket.
- B: The object ACLs are not being updated to allow the users within the centralized account to access the objects.
- C: The Security Engineer's IAM policy does not grant permissions to read objects in the S3 bucket.
- D: The s3:PutObject and s3:PutObjectAcl permissions should be applied at the S3 bucket level.
Question 97
An application running on Amazon EC2 instances generates log files in a folder on a Linux file system. The instances block access to the console and file transfer utilities, such as Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) and Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP). The Application Support team wants to automatically monitor the application log files so the team can set up notifications in the future.
A Security Engineer must design a solution that meets the following requirements:
✑ Make the log files available through an AWS managed service.
Allow for automatic monitoring of the logs.
✑ Provide an interface for analyzing logs.
✑ Minimize effort.
Which approach meets these requirements?
- A: Modify the application to use the AWS SDK. Write the application logs to an Amazon S3 bucket.
- B: Install the unified Amazon CloudWatch agent on the instances. Configure the agent to collect the application log files on the EC2 file system and send them to Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
- C: Install AWS Systems Manager Agent on the instances. Configure an automation document to copy the application log files to AWS DeepLens.
- D: Install Amazon Kinesis Agent on the instances. Stream the application log files to Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose and set the destination to Amazon Elasticsearch Service.
Question 98
A company has multiple AWS accounts that are part of AWS Organizations. The company's Security team wants to ensure that even those Administrators with full access to the company's AWS accounts are unable to access the company's Amazon S3 buckets.
How should this be accomplished?
- A: Use SCPs.
- B: Add a permissions boundary to deny access to Amazon S3 and attach it to all roles.
- C: Use an S3 bucket policy.
- D: Create a VPC endpoint for Amazon S3 and deny statements for access to Amazon S3.
Question 99
A Security Engineer has several thousand Amazon EC2 instances split across production and development environments. Each instance is tagged with its environment. The Engineer needs to analyze and patch all the development EC2 instances to ensure they are not currently exposed to any common vulnerabilities or exposures (CVEs).
Which combination of steps is the MOST efficient way for the Engineer to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)
- A: Log on to each EC2 instance, check and export the different software versions installed, and verify this against a list of current CVEs.
- B: Install the Amazon Inspector agent on all development instances. Build a custom rule package, and configure Inspector to perform a scan using this custom rule on all instances tagged as being in the development environment.
- C: Install the Amazon Inspector agent on all development instances. Configure Inspector to perform a scan using this CVE rule package on all instances tagged as being in the development environment.
- D: Install the Amazon EC2 System Manager agent on all development instances. Issue the Run command to EC2 System Manager to update all instances.
- E: Use AWS Trusted Advisor to check that all EC2 instances have been patched to the most recent version of operating system and installed software.
Question 100
A company has decided to use encryption in its AWS account to secure the objects in Amazon S3 using server-side encryption. Object sizes range from 16,000 B to 5 MB. The requirements are as follows:
✑ The key material must be generated and stored in a certified Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2 Level 3 machine.
✑ The key material must be available in multiple Regions.
Which option meets these requirements?
- A: Use an AWS KMS customer managed key and store the key material in AWS with replication across Regions.
- B: Use an AWS customer managed key, import the key material into AWS KMS using in-house AWS CloudHSM, and store the key material securely in Amazon S3.
- C: Use an AWS KMS custom key store backed by AWS CloudHSM clusters, and copy backups across Regions.
- D: Use AWS CloudHSM to generate the key material and backup keys across Regions. Use the Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) and Public Key Cryptography Standards #11 (PKCS #11) encryption libraries to encrypt and decrypt the data.
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