AWS Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional DOP-C02
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Question 1
A company has a mobile application that makes HTTP API calls to an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The ALB routes requests to an AWS Lambda function. Many different versions of the application are in use at any given time, including versions that are in testing by a subset of users. The version of the application is defined in the user-agent header that is sent with all requests to the API.
After a series of recent changes to the API, the company has observed issues with the application. The company needs to gather a metric for each API operation by response code for each version of the application that is in use. A DevOps engineer has modified the Lambda function to extract the API operation name, version information from the user-agent header and response code.
Which additional set of actions should the DevOps engineer take to gather the required metrics?
- A: Modify the Lambda function to write the API operation name, response code, and version number as a log line to an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Configure a CloudWatch Logs metric filter that increments a metric for each API operation name. Specify response code and application version as dimensions for the metric.
- B: Modify the Lambda function to write the API operation name, response code, and version number as a log line to an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Configure a CloudWatch Logs Insights query to populate CloudWatch metrics from the log lines. Specify response code and application version as dimensions for the metric.
- C: Configure the ALB access logs to write to an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Modify the Lambda function to respond to the ALB with the API operation name, response code, and version number as response metadata. Configure a CloudWatch Logs metric filter that increments a metric for each API operation name. Specify response code and application version as dimensions for the metric.
- D: Configure AWS X-Ray integration on the Lambda function. Modify the Lambda function to create an X-Ray subsegment with the API operation name, response code, and version number. Configure X-Ray insights to extract an aggregated metric for each API operation name and to publish the metric to Amazon CloudWatch. Specify response code and application version as dimensions for the metric.
Question 2
A security review has identified that an AWS CodeBuild project is downloading a database population script from an Amazon S3 bucket using an unauthenticated request. The security team does not allow unauthenticated requests to S3 buckets for this project.
How can this issue be corrected in the MOST secure manner?
- A: Add the bucket name to the AllowedBuckets section of the CodeBuild project settings. Update the build spec to use the AWS CLI to download the database population script.
- B: Modify the S3 bucket settings to enable HTTPS basic authentication and specify a token. Update the build spec to use cURL to pass the token and download the database population script.
- C: Remove unauthenticated access from the S3 bucket with a bucket policy. Modify the service role for the CodeBuild project to include Amazon S3 access. Use the AWS CLI to download the database population script.
- D: Remove unauthenticated access from the S3 bucket with a bucket policy. Use the AWS CLI to download the database population script using an IAM access key and a secret access key.
Question 3
A DevOps engineer manages a large commercial website that runs on Amazon EC2. The website uses Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to collect and process web logs. The DevOps engineer manages the Kinesis consumer application, which also runs on Amazon EC2.
Sudden increases of data cause the Kinesis consumer application to fall behind, and the Kinesis data streams drop records before the records can be processed. The DevOps engineer must implement a solution to improve stream handling.
Which solution meets these requirements with the MOST operational efficiency?
- A: Modify the Kinesis consumer application to store the logs durably in Amazon S3. Use Amazon EMR to process the data directly on Amazon S3 to derive customer insights. Store the results in Amazon S3.
- B: Horizontally scale the Kinesis consumer application by adding more EC2 instances based on the Amazon CloudWatch GetRecords.IteratorAgeMilliseconds metric. Increase the retention period of the Kinesis data streams.
- C: Convert the Kinesis consumer application to run as an AWS Lambda function. Configure the Kinesis data streams as the event source for the Lambda function to process the data streams.
- D: Increase the number of shards in the Kinesis data streams to increase the overall throughput so that the consumer application processes the data faster.
Question 4
A company recently created a new AWS Control Tower landing zone in a new organization in AWS Organizations. The landing zone must be able to demonstrate compliance with the Center for Internet Security (CIS) Benchmarks for AWS Foundations.
The company’s security team wants to use AWS Security Hub to view compliance across all accounts. Only the security team can be allowed to view aggregated Security Hub findings. In addition, specific users must be able to view findings from their own accounts within the organization. All accounts must be enrolled in Security Hub after the accounts are created.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements in the MOST automated way? (Choose three.)
- A: Turn on trusted access for Security Hub in the organization’s management account. Create a new security account by using AWS Control Tower. Configure the new security account as the delegated administrator account for Security Hub. In the new security account, provide Security Hub with the CIS Benchmarks for AWS Foundations standards.
- B: Turn on trusted access for Security Hub in the organization’s management account. From the management account, provide Security Hub with the CIS Benchmarks for AWS Foundations standards.
- C: Create an AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On) permission set that includes the required permissions. Use the CreateAccountAssignment API operation to associate the security team users with the permission set and with the delegated security account.
- D: Create an SCP that explicitly denies any user who is not on the security team from accessing Security Hub.
- E: In Security Hub, turn on automatic enablement.
- F: In the organization’s management account, create an Amazon EventBridge rule that reacts to the CreateManagedAccount event. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses the Security Hub CreateMembers API operation to add new accounts to Security Hub. Configure the EventBridge rule to invoke the Lambda function.
Question 5
A company runs applications in AWS accounts that are in an organization in AWS Organizations. The applications use Amazon EC2 instances and Amazon S3.
The company wants to detect potentially compromised EC2 instances, suspicious network activity, and unusual API activity in its existing AWS accounts and in any AWS accounts that the company creates in the future. When the company detects one of these events, the company wants to use an existing Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic to send a notification to its operational support team for investigation and remediation.
Which solution will meet these requirements in accordance with AWS best practices?
- A: In the organization’s management account, configure an AWS account as the Amazon GuardDuty administrator account. In the GuardDuty administrator account, add the company’s existing AWS accounts to GuardDuty as members. In the GuardDuty administrator account, create an Amazon EventBridge rule with an event pattern to match GuardDuty events and to forward matching events to the SNS topic.
- B: In the organization’s management account, configure Amazon GuardDuty to add newly created AWS accounts by invitation and to send invitations to the existing AWS accounts. Create an AWS CloudFormation stack set that accepts the GuardDuty invitation and creates an Amazon EventBridge rule. Configure the rule with an event pattern to match GuardDuty events and to forward matching events to the SNS topic. Configure the CloudFormation stack set to deploy into all AWS accounts in the organization.
- C: In the organization’s management account, create an AWS CloudTrail organization trail. Activate the organization trail in all AWS accounts in the organization. Create an SCP that enables VPC Flow Logs in each account in the organization. Configure AWS Security Hub for the organization. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule with an event pattern to match Security Hub events and to forward matching events to the SNS topic.
- D: In the organization’s management account, configure an AWS account as the AWS CloudTrail administrator account. In the CloudTrail administrator account, create a CloudTrail organization trail. Add the company’s existing AWS accounts to the organization trail. Create an SCP that enables VPC Flow Logs in each account in the organization. Configure AWS Security Hub for the organization. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule with an event pattern to match Security Hub events and to forward matching events to the SNS topic.
Question 6
A company’s DevOps engineer is working in a multi-account environment. The company uses AWS Transit Gateway to route all outbound traffic through a network operations account. In the network operations account, all account traffic passes through a firewall appliance for inspection before the traffic goes to an internet gateway.
The firewall appliance sends logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs and includes event severities of CRITICAL, HIGH, MEDIUM, LOW, and INFO. The security team wants to receive an alert if any CRITICAL events occur.
What should the DevOps engineer do to meet these requirements?
- A: Create an Amazon CloudWatch Synthetics canary to monitor the firewall state. If the firewall reaches a CRITICAL state or logs a CRITICAL event, use a CloudWatch alarm to publish a notification to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the security team’s email address to the topic.
- B: Create an Amazon CloudWatch metric filter by using a search for CRITICAL events. Publish a custom metric for the finding. Use a CloudWatch alarm based on the custom metric to publish a notification to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the security team’s email address to the topic.
- C: Enable Amazon GuardDuty in the network operations account. Configure GuardDuty to monitor flow logs. Create an Amazon EventBridge event rule that is invoked by GuardDuty events that are CRITICAL. Define an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as a target. Subscribe the security team’s email address to the topic.
- D: Use AWS Firewall Manager to apply consistent policies across all accounts. Create an Amazon EventBridge event rule that is invoked by Firewall Manager events that are CRITICAL. Define an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as a target. Subscribe the security team’s email address to the topic.
Question 7
A company is divided into teams. Each team has an AWS account, and all the accounts are in an organization in AWS Organizations. Each team must retain full administrative rights to its AWS account. Each team also must be allowed to access only AWS services that the company approves for use. AWS services must gain approval through a request and approval process.
How should a DevOps engineer configure the accounts to meet these requirements?
- A: Use AWS CloudFormation StackSets to provision IAM policies in each account to deny access to restricted AWS services. In each account, configure AWS Config rules that ensure that the policies are attached to IAM principals in the account.
- B: Use AWS Control Tower to provision the accounts into OUs within the organization. Configure AWS Control Tower to enable AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On). Configure IAM Identity Center to provide administrative access. Include deny policies on user roles for restricted AWS services.
- C: Place all the accounts under a new top-level OU within the organization. Create an SCP that denies access to restricted AWS services. Attach the SCP to the OU.
- D: Create an SCP that allows access to only approved AWS services. Attach the SCP to the root OU of the organization. Remove the FullAWSAccess SCP from the root OU of the organization.
Question 8
A DevOps engineer used an AWS CloudFormation custom resource to set up AD Connector. The AWS Lambda function ran and created AD Connector, but CloudFormation is not transitioning from CREATE_IN_PROGRESS to CREATE_COMPLETE.
Which action should the engineer take to resolve this issue?
- A: Ensure the Lambda function code has exited successfully.
- B: Ensure the Lambda function code returns a response to the pre-signed URL.
- C: Ensure the Lambda function IAM role has cloudformation:UpdateStack permissions for the stack ARN.
- D: Ensure the Lambda function IAM role has ds:ConnectDirectory permissions for the AWS account.
Question 9
A company uses AWS CodeCommit for source code control. Developers apply their changes to various feature branches and create pull requests to move those changes to the main branch when the changes are ready for production.
The developers should not be able to push changes directly to the main branch. The company applied the AWSCodeCommitPowerUser managed policy to the developers’ IAM role, and now these developers can push changes to the main branch directly on every repository in the AWS account.
What should the company do to restrict the developers’ ability to push changes to the main branch directly?
- A: Create an additional policy to include a Deny rule for the GitPush and PutFile actions. Include a restriction for the specific repositories in the policy statement with a condition that references the main branch.
- B: Remove the IAM policy, and add an AWSCodeCommitReadOnly managed policy. Add an Allow rule for the GitPush and PutFile actions for the specific repositories in the policy statement with a condition that references the main branch.
- C: Modify the IAM policy. Include a Deny rule for the GitPush and PutFile actions for the specific repositories in the policy statement with a condition that references the main branch.
- D: Create an additional policy to include an Allow rule for the GitPush and PutFile actions. Include a restriction for the specific repositories in the policy statement with a condition that references the feature branches.
Question 10
A company manages a web application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The EC2 instances run in an Auto Scaling group across multiple Availability Zones. The application uses an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance to store the data. The company has configured Amazon Route 53 with an alias record that points to the ALB.
A new company guideline requires a geographically isolated disaster recovery (DR) site with an RTO of 4 hours and an RPO of 15 minutes.
Which DR strategy will meet these requirements with the LEAST change to the application stack?
- A: Launch a replica environment of everything except Amazon RDS in a different Availability Zone. Create an RDS read replica in the new Availability Zone, and configure the new stack to point to the local RDS DB instance. Add the new stack to the Route 53 record set by using a health check to configure a failover routing policy.
- B: Launch a replica environment of everything except Amazon RDS in a different AWS Region. Create an RDS read replica in the new Region, and configure the new stack to point to the local RDS DB instance. Add the new stack to the Route 53 record set by using a health check to configure a latency routing policy.
- C: Launch a replica environment of everything except Amazon RDS in a different AWS Region. In the event of an outage, copy and restore the latest RDS snapshot from the primary Region to the DR Region. Adjust the Route 53 record set to point to the ALB in the DR Region.
- D: Launch a replica environment of everything except Amazon RDS in a different AWS Region. Create an RDS read replica in the new Region, and configure the new environment to point to the local RDS DB instance. Add the new stack to the Route 53 record set by using a health check to configure a failover routing policy. In the event of an outage, promote the read replica to primary.
Question 11
A large enterprise is deploying a web application on AWS. The application runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The instances run in an Auto Scaling group across multiple Availability Zones. The application stores data in an Amazon RDS for Oracle DB instance and Amazon DynamoDB. There are separate environments for development, testing, and production.
What is the MOST secure and flexible way to obtain password credentials during deployment?
- A: Retrieve an access key from an AWS Systems Manager SecureString parameter to access AWS services. Retrieve the database credentials from a Systems Manager SecureString parameter.
- B: Launch the EC2 instances with an EC2 IAM role to access AWS services. Retrieve the database credentials from AWS Secrets Manager.
- C: Retrieve an access key from an AWS Systems Manager plaintext parameter to access AWS services. Retrieve the database credentials from a Systems Manager SecureString parameter.
- D: Launch the EC2 instances with an EC2 IAM role to access AWS services. Store the database passwords in an encrypted config file with the application artifacts.
Question 12
The security team depends on AWS CloudTrail to detect sensitive security issues in the company’s AWS account. The DevOps engineer needs a solution to auto-remediate CloudTrail being turned off in an AWS account.
What solution ensures the LEAST amount of downtime for the CloudTrail log deliveries?
- A: Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for the CloudTrail StopLogging event. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses the AWS SDK to call StartLogging on the ARN of the resource in which StopLogging was called. Add the Lambda function ARN as a target to the EventBridge rule.
- B: Deploy the AWS-managed CloudTrail-enabled AWS Config rule, set with a periodic interval of 1 hour. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for AWS Config rules compliance change. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses the AWS SDK to call StartLogging on the ARN of the resource in which StopLogging was called. Add the Lambda function ARN as a target to the EventBridge rule.
- C: Create an Amazon EventBridge rule for a scheduled event every 5 minutes. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses the AWS SDK to call StartLogging on a CloudTrail trail in the AWS account. Add the Lambda function ARN as a target to the EventBridge rule.
- D: Launch a t2.nano instance with a script running every 5 minutes that uses the AWS SDK to query CloudTrail in the current account. If the CloudTrail trail is disabled, have the script re-enable the trail.
Question 13
An ecommerce company has chosen AWS to host its new platform. The company's DevOps team has started building an AWS Control Tower landing zone. The DevOps team has set the identity store within AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On) to external identity provider (IdP) and has configured SAML 2.0.
The DevOps team wants a robust permission model that applies the principle of least privilege. The model must allow the team to build and manage only the team's own resources.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Choose three.)
- A: Create IAM policies that include the required permissions. Include the aws:PrincipalTag condition key.
- B: Create permission sets. Attach an inline policy that includes the required permissions and uses the aws:PrincipalTag condition key to scope the permissions.
- C: Create a group in the IdP. Place users in the group. Assign the group to accounts and the permission sets in IAM Identity Center.
- D: Create a group in the IdP. Place users in the group. Assign the group to OUs and IAM policies.
- E: Enable attributes for access control in IAM Identity Center. Apply tags to users. Map the tags as key-value pairs.
- F: Enable attributes for access control in IAM Identity Center. Map attributes from the IdP as key-value pairs.
Question 14
A company uses AWS CodeArtifact to centrally store Python packages. The CodeArtifact repository is configured with the following repository policy:
A development team is building a new project in an account that is in an organization in AWS Organizations. The development team wants to use a Python library that has already been stored in the CodeArtifact repository in the organization. The development team uses AWS CodePipeline and AWS CodeBuild to build the new application. The CodeBuild job that the development team uses to build the application is configured to run in a VPC. Because of compliance requirements, the VPC has no internet connectivity.
The development team creates the VPC endpoints for CodeArtifact and updates the CodeBuild buildspec.yaml file. However, the development team cannot download the Python library from the repository.
Which combination of steps should a DevOps engineer take so that the development team can use CodeArtifact? (Choose two.)
- A: Create an Amazon S3 gateway endpoint. Update the route tables for the subnets that are running the CodeBuild job.
- B: Update the repository policy’s Principal statement to include the ARN of the role that the CodeBuild project uses.
- C: Share the CodeArtifact repository with the organization by using AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM).
- D: Update the role that the CodeBuild project uses so that the role has sufficient permissions to use the CodeArtifact repository.
- E: Specify the account that hosts the repository as the delegated administrator for CodeArtifact in the organization.
Question 15
A company uses a series of individual Amazon CloudFormation templates to deploy its multi-Region applications. These templates must be deployed in a specific order. The company is making more changes to the templates than previously expected and wants to deploy new templates more efficiently. Additionally, the data engineering team must be notified of all changes to the templates.
What should the company do to accomplish these goals?
- A: Create an AWS Lambda function to deploy the CloudFormation templates in the required order. Use stack policies to alert the data engineering team.
- B: Host the CloudFormation templates in Amazon S3. Use Amazon S3 events to directly trigger CloudFormation updates and Amazon SNS notifications.
- C: Implement CloudFormation StackSets and use drift detection to trigger update alerts to the data engineering team.
- D: Leverage CloudFormation nested stacks and stack sets for deployments. Use Amazon SNS to notify the data engineering team.
Question 16
A DevOps engineer has implemented a CI/CD pipeline to deploy an AWS CloudFormation template that provisions a web application. The web application consists of an Application Load Balancer (ALB), a target group, a launch template that uses an Amazon Linux 2 AMI, an Auto Scaling group of Amazon EC2 instances, a security group, and an Amazon RDS for MySQL database. The launch template includes user data that specifies a script to install and start the application.
The initial deployment of the application was successful. The DevOps engineer made changes to update the version of the application with the user data. The CI/CD pipeline has deployed a new version of the template. However, the health checks on the ALB are now failing. The health checks have marked all targets as unhealthy.
During investigation, the DevOps engineer notices that the CloudFormation stack has a status of UPDATE_COMPLETE. However, when the DevOps engineer connects to one of the EC2 instances and checks /var/log/messages, the DevOps engineer notices that the Apache web server failed to start successfully because of a configuration error.
How can the DevOps engineer ensure that the CloudFormation deployment will fail if the user data fails to successfully finish running?
- A: Use the cfn-signal helper script to signal success or failure to CloudFormation. Use the WaitOnResourceSignals update policy within the CloudFormation template. Set an appropriate timeout for the update policy.
- B: Create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm for the UnhealthyHostCount metric. Include an appropriate alarm threshold for the target group. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as the target to signal success or failure to CloudFormation.
- C: Create a lifecycle hook on the Auto Scaling group by using the AWS::AutoScaling::LifecycleHook resource. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as the target to signal success or failure to CloudFormation. Set an appropriate timeout on the lifecycle hook.
- D: Use the Amazon CloudWatch agent to stream the cloud-init logs. Create a subscription filter that includes an AWS Lambda function with an appropriate invocation timeout. Configure the Lambda function to use the SignalResource API operation to signal success or failure to CloudFormation.
Question 17
A company has a data ingestion application that runs across multiple AWS accounts. The accounts are in an organization in AWS Organizations. The company needs to monitor the application and consolidate access to the application. Currently, the company is running the application on Amazon EC2 instances from several Auto Scaling groups. The EC2 instances have no access to the internet because the data is sensitive. Engineers have deployed the necessary VPC endpoints. The EC2 instances run a custom AMI that is built specifically for the application.
To maintain and troubleshoot the application, system administrators need the ability to log in to the EC2 instances. This access must be automated and controlled centrally. The company’s security team must receive a notification whenever the instances are accessed.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
- A: Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to send notifications to the security team whenever a user logs in to an EC2 instance. Use EC2 Instance Connect to log in to the instances. Deploy Auto Scaling groups by using AWS CloudFormation. Use the cfn-init helper script to deploy appropriate VPC routes for external access. Rebuild the custom AMI so that the custom AMI includes AWS Systems Manager Agent.
- B: Deploy a NAT gateway and a bastion host that has internet access. Create a security group that allows incoming traffic on all the EC2 instances from the bastion host. Install AWS Systems Manager Agent on all the EC2 instances. Use Auto Scaling group lifecycle hooks for monitoring and auditing access. Use Systems Manager Session Manager to log in to the instances. Send logs to a log group in Amazon CloudWatch Logs. Export data to Amazon S3 for auditing. Send notifications to the security team by using S3 event notifications.
- C: Use EC2 Image Builder to rebuild the custom AMI. Include the most recent version of AWS Systems Manager Agent in the image. Configure the Auto Scaling group to attach the AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore role to all the EC2 instances. Use Systems Manager Session Manager to log in to the instances. Enable logging of session details to Amazon S3. Create an S3 event notification for new file uploads to send a message to the security team through an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic.
- D: Use AWS Systems Manager Automation to build Systems Manager Agent into the custom AMI. Configure AWS Config to attach an SCP to the root organization account to allow the EC2 instances to connect to Systems Manager. Use Systems Manager Session Manager to log in to the instances. Enable logging of session details to Amazon S3. Create an S3 event notification for new file uploads to send a message to the security team through an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic.
Question 18
A company uses Amazon S3 to store proprietary information. The development team creates buckets for new projects on a daily basis. The security team wants to ensure that all existing and future buckets have encryption, logging, and versioning enabled. Additionally, no buckets should ever be publicly read or write accessible.
What should a DevOps engineer do to meet these requirements?
- A: Enable AWS CloudTrail and configure automatic remediation using AWS Lambda.
- B: Enable AWS Config rules and configure automatic remediation using AWS Systems Manager documents.
- C: Enable AWS Trusted Advisor and configure automatic remediation using Amazon EventBridge.
- D: Enable AWS Systems Manager and configure automatic remediation using Systems Manager documents.
Question 19
A DevOps engineer is researching the least expensive way to implement an image batch processing cluster on AWS. The application cannot run in Docker containers and must run on Amazon EC2. The batch job stores checkpoint data on an NFS volume and can tolerate interruptions. Configuring the cluster software from a generic EC2 Linux image takes 30 minutes.
What is the MOST cost-effective solution?
- A: Use Amazon EFS for checkpoint data. To complete the job, use an EC2 Auto Scaling group and an On-Demand pricing model to provision EC2 instances temporarily.
- B: Use GlusterFS on EC2 instances for checkpoint data. To run the batch job, configure EC2 instances manually. When the job completes, shut down the instances manually.
- C: Use Amazon EFS for checkpoint data. Use EC2 Fleet to launch EC2 Spot Instances, and utilize user data to configure the EC2 Linux instance on startup.
- D: Use Amazon EFS for checkpoint data. Use EC2 Fleet to launch EC2 Spot Instances. Create a custom AMI for the cluster and use the latest AMI when creating instances.
Question 20
A company recently migrated its legacy application from on-premises to AWS. The application is hosted on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer, which is behind Amazon API Gateway. The company wants to ensure users experience minimal disruptions during any deployment of a new version of the application. The company also wants to ensure it can quickly roll back updates if there is an issue.
Which solution will meet these requirements with MINIMAL changes to the application?
- A: Introduce changes as a separate environment parallel to the existing one. Configure API Gateway to use a canary release deployment to send a small subset of user traffic to the new environment.
- B: Introduce changes as a separate environment parallel to the existing one. Update the application’s DNS alias records to point to the new environment.
- C: Introduce changes as a separate target group behind the existing Application Load Balancer. Configure API Gateway to route user traffic to the new target group in steps.
- D: Introduce changes as a separate target group behind the existing Application Load Balancer. Configure API Gateway to route all traffic to the Application Load Balancer, which then sends the traffic to the new target group.
Question 21
A company is storing 100 GB of log data in .csv format in an Amazon S3 bucket. SQL developers want to query this data and generate graphs to visualize it. The SQL developers also need an efficient, automated way to store metadata from the .csv file.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements with the LEAST amount of effort? (Choose three.)
- A: Filter the data through AWS X-Ray to visualize the data.
- B: Filter the data through Amazon QuickSight to visualize the data.
- C: Query the data with Amazon Athena.
- D: Query the data with Amazon Redshift.
- E: Use the AWS Glue Data Catalog as the persistent metadata store.
- F: Use Amazon DynamoDB as the persistent metadata store.
Question 22
A company deploys its corporate infrastructure on AWS across multiple AWS Regions and Availability Zones. The infrastructure is deployed on Amazon EC2 instances and connects with AWS IoT Greengrass devices. The company deploys additional resources on on-premises servers that are located in the corporate headquarters.
The company wants to reduce the overhead involved in maintaining and updating its resources. The company’s DevOps team plans to use AWS Systems Manager to implement automated management and application of patches. The DevOps team confirms that Systems Manager is available in the Regions that the resources are deployed in. Systems Manager also is available in a Region near the corporate headquarters.
Which combination of steps must the DevOps team take to implement automated patch and configuration management across the company’s EC2 instances, IoT devices, and on-premises infrastructure? (Choose three.)
- A: Apply tags to all the EC2 instances, AWS IoT Greengrass devices, and on-premises servers. Use Systems Manager Session Manager to push patches to all the tagged devices.
- B: Use Systems Manager Run Command to schedule patching for the EC2 instances, AWS IoT Greengrass devices, and on-premises servers.
- C: Use Systems Manager Patch Manager to schedule patching for the EC2 instances, AWS IoT Greengrass devices, and on-premises servers as a Systems Manager maintenance window task.
- D: Configure Amazon EventBridge to monitor Systems Manager Patch Manager for updates to patch baselines. Associate Systems Manager Run Command with the event to initiate a patch action for all EC2 instances, AWS IoT Greengrass devices, and on-premises servers.
- E: Create an IAM instance profile for Systems Manager. Attach the instance profile to all the EC2 instances in the AWS account. For the AWS IoT Greengrass devices and on-premises servers, create an IAM service role for Systems Manager.
- F: Generate a managed-instance activation. Use the Activation Code and Activation ID to install Systems Manager Agent (SSM Agent) on each server in the on-premises environment. Update the AWS IoT Greengrass IAM token exchange role. Use the role to deploy SSM Agent on all the IoT devices.
Question 23
A company is testing a web application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The instances run in an Auto Scaling group across multiple Availability Zones. The company uses a blue/green deployment process with immutable instances when deploying new software.
During testing, users are being automatically logged out of the application at random times. Testers also report that, when a new version of the application is deployed, all users are logged out. The development team needs a solution to ensure users remain logged in across scaling events and application deployments.
What is the MOST operationally efficient way to ensure users remain logged in?
- A: Enable smart sessions on the load balancer and modify the application to check for an existing session.
- B: Enable session sharing on the load balancer and modify the application to read from the session store.
- C: Store user session information in an Amazon S3 bucket and modify the application to read session information from the bucket.
- D: Modify the application to store user session information in an Amazon ElastiCache cluster.
Question 24
An ecommerce company is receiving reports that its order history page is experiencing delays in reflecting the processing status of orders. The order processing system consists of an AWS Lambda function that uses reserved concurrency. The Lambda function processes order messages from an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue and inserts processed orders into an Amazon DynamoDB table. The DynamoDB table has auto scaling enabled for read and write capacity.
Which actions should a DevOps engineer take to resolve this delay? (Choose two.)
- A: Check the ApproximateAgeOfOldestMessage metric for the SQS queue. Increase the Lambda function concurrency limit.
- B: Check the ApproximateAgeOfOldestMessage metnc for the SQS queue Configure a redrive policy on the SQS queue.
- C: Check the NumberOfMessagesSent metric for the SQS queue. Increase the SQS queue visibility timeout.
- D: Check the WriteThrottleEvents metric for the DynamoDB table. Increase the maximum write capacity units (WCUs) for the table's scaling policy.
- E: Check the Throttles metric for the Lambda function. Increase the Lambda function timeout.
Question 25
A DevOps engineer needs to configure a blue/green deployment for an existing three-tier application. The application runs on Amazon EC2 instances and uses an Amazon RDS database. The EC2 instances run behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) and are in an Auto Scaling group.
The DevOps engineer has created a launch template and an Auto Scaling group for the blue environment. The DevOps engineer also has created a launch template and an Auto Scaling group for the green environment. Each Auto Scaling group deploys to a matching blue or green target group. The target group also specifies which software, blue or green, gets loaded on the EC2 instances. The ALB can be configured to send traffic to the blue environment’s target group or the green environment’s target group. An Amazon Route 53 record for www.example.com points to the ALB.
The deployment must move traffic all at once between the software on the blue environment’s EC2 instances to the newly deployed software on the green environment’s EC2 instances.
What should the DevOps engineer do to meet these requirements?
- A: Start a rolling restart of the Auto Scaling group for the green environment to deploy the new software on the green environment’s EC2 instances. When the rolling restart is complete, use an AWS CLI command to update the ALB to send traffic to the green environment’s target group.
- B: Use an AWS CLI command to update the ALB to send traffic to the green environment’s target group. Then start a rolling restart of the Auto Scaling group for the green environment to deploy the new software on the green environment’s EC2 instances.
- C: Update the launch template to deploy the green environment’s software on the blue environment’s EC2 instances. Keep the target groups and Auto Scaling groups unchanged in both environments. Perform a rolling restart of the blue environment’s EC2 instances.
- D: Start a rolling restart of the Auto Scaling group for the green environment to deploy the new software on the green environment’s EC2 instances. When the rolling restart is complete, update the Route 53 DNS to point to the green environment’s endpoint on the ALB.
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